Blood was collected from the orbital vein of the mice, and using an enzyme-linked immunoassay to analyze cytokine levels in the serum. The inflammatory factor kit was purchased from Shanghai Hengyuan Biological Technology Co., Ltd.
Moreover, compared with the saline treatment group, the levels of pro-inflammatory factors TNF-α, interleukin-6 (IL-6), and interleukin-1 (IL-1) in the serum of mice in the peptide nanoparticle treatment group were significantly reduced (Figure 6j–l). These cytokines are key factors affecting the inflammatory response in acute sepsis. Considering the action mechanism of peptide nanoparticles, combining them with LPS to reduce the circulation of endotoxins in vivo may limit the immunogenic potential of mice.[41] These results indicate that peptide nanoparticles not only exert direct antibacterial effects but also have immunomodulatory properties. These effects complement each other and help prevent systemic bacterial infections. Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining showed pathological changes in the tissues of infected mice, including hepatocyte damage, vacuoles around the glomerulus, and inflammatory cell infiltration (Figure 6i). After peptide nanoparticle treatment, tissue damage was largely prevented or restored
